In this article, the optimal sizing of hybrid solar photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems is evaluated with respect to rooftop space and feed-in tariff rates. The battery scheduling is performed using a proposed rule-based energy management strategy. The rules are formulated based on the demand limit, PV export power limit, and state of charge of the battery. Furthermore, optimization modeling with initial choices of parameters and constraints in terms of solar photovoltaic and battery energy storage capabilities is developed to minimize the total net present cost. The hourly values of solar irradiance, air temperature, electrical loads, and electricity rates are considered the inputs of the optimization process. The optimization results are achieved using particle swarm optimization and validated through an uncertainty analysis. It is observed that an optimal photovoltaic and battery energy storage system can reduce the cost of electricity by 12.33%, including the sale of 5944.029 kWh of electricity to the grid. Furthermore, energy consumption, peak demand, and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 13.71%, 5.85%, and 62.59%, respectively. A comprehensive analysis between the variable and fixed data for the load, energy from PV, batteries, and the grid, and costs demonstrates that the optimal sizing of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems with the best mix of energy from PV, batteries, and the grid provides the optimal solution for the proposed configuration.

More from our Archive

• DOI: 10.3390/su151310543 2023

  The State of the Art in Deep Learning Applications, Challenges, and Future Prospects: A Comprehensive Review of Flood Forecasting and Management

  Vijendra Kumar, Hazi Md. Azamathulla, Kul Vaibhav Sharma, Darshan J. Mehta, Kiran Tota Maharaj

• DOI: 10.3390/su151410821 2023

  Microplastics as an Emerging Threat to the Global Environment and Human Health

  Shampa Ghosh, Jitendra Kumar Sinha, Soumya Ghosh, Kshitij Vashisth, Sungsoo Han, Rakesh Bhaskar

• DOI: 10.3390/su151310663 2023

  Unraveling the Interrelationship of Digitalization, Renewable Energy, and Ecological Footprints within the EKC Framework: Empirical Insights from the United States

  Najia Saqib, Ivan A. Duran, Ilhan Ozturk

• DOI: 10.3390/su151310645 2023

  Green Environmental Management System to Support Environmental Performance: What Factors Influence SMEs to Adopt Green Innovations?

  Abdalwali Lutfi, Hamza Alqudah, Mahmaod Alrawad, Ahmad Farhan Alshira’h, Malek Hamed Alshirah, Mohammed Amin Almaiah, Adi Alsyouf, Mohammed Faisal Hassan

• DOI: 10.3390/su151411065 2023

  Green Finance, Enterprise Energy Efficiency, and Green Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from China

  Hepei Li, Chen Chen, Muhammad Umair

• DOI: 10.3390/su151310729 2023

  Innovations and the CO2 Emissions Nexus in the MENA Region: A Spatial Analysis

  Haider Mahmood, Maham Furqan, Najia Saqib, Anass Hamadelneel Adow, Muzaffar Abbas

• DOI: 10.3390/su151310442 2023

  Sustainable Potato Growth under Straw Mulching Practices

  Abdul Waheed, Chuang Li, Murad Muhammad, Mushtaq Ahmad, Khalid Ali Khan, Hamed A. Ghramh, Zhongwei Wang, Daoyuan Zhang

• DOI: 10.3390/su151310329 2023

  From Neglect to Progress: Assessing Social Sustainability and Decent Work in the Tourism Sector

  Eleonora Santos

• DOI: 10.3390/su151410976 2023

  Driving Sustainable Disaster Risk Reduction: A Rapid Review of the Policies and Strategies in Saudi Arabia

  Ahmed M. Al-Wathinani, Dennis G. Barten, Marta Borowska-Stefańska, Paweł Gołda, Noora A. AlDulijan, Mohammad A. Alhallaf, Lujain O. Samarkandi, Abdullah S. Almuhaidly, Mariusz Goniewicz, Waleed O. Samarkandi, Krzysztof Goniewicz

• DOI: 10.3390/su151410940 2023

  Wastewater Treatment and Reuse for Sustainable Water Resources Management: A Systematic Literature Review

  Jorge Alejandro Silva