A Review and Design Principle of Fixed-Bottom Foundation Scour Protection Schemes for Offshore Wind Energy

Foundation scour is the erosion of sediments around pile foundations by wave and current in offshore wind energy. This phenomenon destabilizes foundations and poses a threat to pile safety. Therefore, scour protection becomes a crucial challenge in offshore wind projects. This paper reviews and synthesizes recent publications and patented technologies related to scour protection. Considering the primary engineering concerns, the paper proposes design principles for effective scour protection schemes to standardize evaluation criteria. These principles prioritize efficacy, independence, and cost-efficiency, enabling the analysis of scour protection scheme applicability. In addition, this paper summarizes and describes common protection schemes in the literature. The effectiveness of their protection is analyzed and summarized, and their economic and performance independence is evaluated. This paper categorizes flow-altering scour protection schemes found in the literature. Based on a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and engineering requirements of scour protection, the paper proposes a focus on determining the erosion reduction rate curve (Ep−U/Uc curve) as a key criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of protection schemes under varying flow velocities and the erosion reduction rate of scour protection schemes under extreme conditions. The study highlights the necessity of establishing a comprehensive design evaluation methodology, which is crucial for addressing the significant challenges related to scour encountered in offshore wind power projects.