A Review of Selected Alternative Remediation Methods for PFAS Contamination

ABSTRACT

There are numerous per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)‐contaminated areas worldwide, with aqueous film‐forming foams (AFFFs) frequently representing a significant contaminant source. This research reviews nine remediation methods and their efficacy and suitability under different environmental conditions and various PFAS. The evaluation included the remediation methods' suitability for soil or water remediation; in situ or ex situ use; effectiveness for different PFAS; cost‐effectiveness; regenerative capabilities; susceptibility to organic material, other substances, or pH; potential for PFAS‐concentrated waste production; and past use in large‐scale remediation projects. The study concludes that the methods have varying advantages and disadvantages, depending, for example, on the specific PFAS that require remediation and the type of media such as soil or water.