Adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via modulation of Th1/Th17 and expansion of Th2/Treg responses

Abstract

The most common central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), modeled using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit potent immunomodulatory capabilities, including the suppression of immune cell functions and anti‐inflammatory cytokine production. Female C57BL/6 mice (8–10 weeks old) were divided into three groups: 1. Control, 2. Allogeneic MSCs (ALO) treatment, and 3. Syngeneic MSCs (SYN) treatment. To induce EAE, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein was injected subcutaneously with complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by intraperitoneal pertussis toxin. On Days 6 and 12 postimmunization, the treatment groups received intraperitoneal injections of 2 × 10⁶ MSCs. Daily clinical and weight assessments were performed, and on Day 25, the mice were euthanized. At the end of the period, brain histological analysis was conducted to quantify lymphocyte infiltration. T‐cell characteristics were determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The assessment of transcription factor expression levels in the CNS was also performed using RT‐PCR. Compared to the control group, both the allogeneic (ALO) and syngeneic (SYN) groups demonstrated significantly reduced disease progression. The maximum clinical scores for the control, ALO, and SYN groups were 4.4 ± 0.1, 2.4 ± 0.2, and 2.1 ± 0.2, respectively (ALO and SYN vs. Control: p < .001). In comparison to the control group, histological studies demonstrated that the allogeneic and syngeneic groups had less lymphocytic infiltration (ALO: 1.4 ± 0.1, SYN: 1.2 ± 0.2, and control: 2.8 ± 0.15; p < .001) and demyelination (ALO: 1.2 ± 0.15, SYN: 1.1 ± 0.1 and control: 2.9 ± 0.1, p < .001). ALO and SYN groups had lower expression of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and transcription factors (IFN‐γ: 0.067, 0.051; STAT4: 0.189, 0.162; T‐bet: 0.175, 0.163; IL‐17: 0.074, 0.061; STAT3: 0.271, 0.253; ROR‐γt: 0.163, 0.149, respectively) compared to the control group on Day 25 following EAE induction. Additionally, ALO and SYN groups compared to the control group, expressed more Th2 and Treg cytokines and transcription factors (IL‐4: 4.25, 4.63; STAT6: 2.78, 2.96; GATA3: 2.91, 3.08; IL‐27: 2.32, 2.46, IL‐33: 2.71, 2.85; TGF‐β: 4.8, 5.05; IL‐10: 4.71, 4.93; CTLA‐4: 7.72, 7.95; PD1: 4.12,4.35; Foxp3: 3.82,4.08, respectively). This research demonstrated that MSCs possess the potential to be a therapeutic option for MS and related CNS inflammatory disorders. Their immunomodulatory properties, coupled with the observed reductions in disease severity, lymphocytic infiltration, and demyelination, indicate that MSCs could play a crucial role in altering the course of MS by mitigating inflammatory immune responses and promoting regulatory immune processes. These findings open up new possibilities for the development of MSC‐based therapies for MS, and further investigation and clinical trials may be warranted to explore their efficacy and safety in human patients.