Associations Between Socioeconomic, Spatial and Educational Factors and Midlife Periodontal Disease Risk: Evidence From ‘High School and Beyond’
John Robert Warren, Jessie Himmelstern, Chandra Muller, Eric Grodsky, Ryan DemmerABSTRACT
Background
Periodontal disease (PD) is a prevalent, preventable and treatable oral infection associated with substantial morbidity globally. There is little information from population‐representative cohort studies about the sociodemographic, educational and other early life factors that stratify PD risk.
Methods
We used data from the U.S. ‘High School and Beyond’ (HS&B:80) study, which has followed a nationally representative sample of 26,820 people from high school in 1980 through midlife in 2021. Data from the 1980s include information about education, early life circumstances, spatial location and demographic attributes. Data from 13,080 sample members who responded in 2021 include indicators of self‐reported PD diagnosis.
Results
People with higher degrees and course grades have a lower risk of midlife PD. Rural adolescents and those who attended private schools are also at lower risk. We find little evidence of heterogeneity in correlates of midlife PD by gender or race/ethnicity.
Conclusions
The quantity and characteristics of people's schooling and their location of residence are associated with midlife PD.