Jillian K. Lee, Ryan D. Frank, Luke R. Christenson, Julie A. Fields, Walter A. Rocca, Michelle M. Mielke

Associations of reproductive factors and exogenous estrogens with global and domain‐specific cognition in later life

  • Psychiatry and Mental health
  • Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
  • Geriatrics and Gerontology
  • Neurology (clinical)
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Health Policy
  • Epidemiology
Save to CiteDrive Show PDF

AbstractINTRODUCTIONFew studies have comprehensively examined the impact of reproductive factors (i.e., reproductive window, parity, hormonal contraception [HC], and menopausal hormone therapy [MHT]) on global and domain‐specific cognition in later life.METHODSWe studied a population‐based sample of 2458 women (median age 74.2 years) residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota; participants underwent a clinical evaluation and comprehensive cognitive testing.RESULTSThe length of a woman's reproductive window was not associated with cognition. Higher parity was associated with greater cognitive decline in all domains. Ever HC use was associated with less decline in all domains. Ever MHT use was associated with greater decline in global cognition and all domain‐specific z‐scores except visuospatial; results were driven by women who initiated MHT 5 or more years after menopause. Additional adjustments for APOE and vascular‐related covariates did not attenuate the results.DISCUSSIONMultiple reproductive risk factors are associated with cognitive decline in later life.HIGHLIGHTS The length of a woman's reproductive window was not associated with cognition longitudinally. Greater parity was associated with greater cognitive decline longitudinally. Ever HC use was associated with less decline in global cognition and all domain‐specific z‐scores longitudinally (all p < 0.01). Ever MHT use was associated with greater decline in global cognition and all domain‐specific z‐scores except visuospatial longitudinally (all p < 0.01). The greatest cognitive decline was among women who initiated MHT more than 5 years after menopause.

Need a simple solution for managing your BibTeX entries? Explore CiteDrive!

  • Web-based, modern reference management
  • Collaborate and share with fellow researchers
  • Integration with Overleaf
  • Comprehensive BibTeX/BibLaTeX support
  • Save articles and websites directly from your browser
  • Search for new articles from a database of tens of millions of references
Try out CiteDrive

More from our Archive