Biofilm Formation, and Related Impacts on Healthcare, Food Processing and Packaging, Industrial Manufacturing, Marine Industries, and Sanitation–A Review

Biofilm formation can lead to problems in healthcare, water distribution systems, food processing and packaging, industrial manufacturing, marine industries, and sanitation. These microbial communities can proliferate on biotic or abiotic surfaces, and are responsible for human disease and decreasing production efficiency and service equipment life in many industrial fields. The formation of biofilm starts with the attachment of bacteria to the surface, followed by bacterial proliferation and maturation of the microbial community. After forming a biofilm, bacteria not resistant to antimicrobial agents in their planktonic forms can turn resistant. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilm, and the association of biofilms in generating infectious diseases in humans, highlight the need for designing novel and successful antibacterial, anti-biofilm, or anti-infection materials. This paper aims to review the mechanism of biofilm formation, the impact on different industries, the interaction mechanism of nanoparticles with bacteria, and strategies to design anti-biofilm materials. Examples of designing anti-infection bio-implants, coatings, medical devices, wound dressings, and sutures are reviewed.