Dynamics of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus growth, concentrations of reactive oxygen species, and ion leakage in HLB-positive sweet orange

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. CLas induces systemic and chronic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which was suggested to be a primary cause of cell death in phloem tissues and subsequent HLB symptoms. Mitigating oxidative stress caused by CLas using horticultural approaches has been suggested to a useful strategy to reduce HLB damages. To provide the information regarding the application timing to mitigate ROS, we investigated monthly dynamics of CLas concentration, CLas-triggered ROS, and phloem cell death in the bark tissues of asymptomatic and symptomatic branches of HLB-positive Hamlin and Valencia sweet orange trees in the field. CLas concentration exhibited significant variations over the course of the year, with two distinct peaks observed in Florida citrus groves—late spring/early summer and late fall. Within both Hamlin and Valencia asymptomatic tissues, CLas concentration demonstrated a negative correlation with the deviation between the monthly average mean temperature and the optimal temperature for CLas colonization in plants (25.7°C). ROS levels were consistently higher in symptomatic or asymptomatic branches than that in healthy branches in most months. ROS concentrations were higher in symptomatic branches than in asymptomatic branches in most months. CLas triggered significant increases in ion leakage in most months for asymptomatic and symptomatic branches compared to healthy controls. This study sheds light on the pathogenicity of CLas by providing useful information on temporal dynamics of ROS production, cell death, and CLas growth within the phloem tissues.