Empirical Insights into 5G Deployments in Highway Operational Environments and Comparative Performance with 4G

Despite the promising benefits, the integration of 5G, particularly through Non-Standalone (NSA) architectures that rely on existing 4G infrastructures, introduces challenges in maintaining optimal radio network performance and service quality. This study evaluates 4G and 5G radio network performance through empirical field trials across highway operational scenarios, a domain less scrutinized compared with urban environments. By conducting simultaneous measurements and comparing all available networks, this research focuses on dissecting the performance of critical quality indicators to gauge the intricacies of radio network behavior in high-speed travel conditions. Our findings illuminate distinct behavioral patterns, highlighting the unique challenges and optimization opportunities in these scenarios. Variability in signal strength across the highway routes underscores the influence of geography and infrastructure on coverage, while the relative stability in signal quality suggests the networks’ capability to maintain signal quality amid fluctuating strength. Interference results indicate effective management of signal interference, crucial for high-quality links, whereas latency and throughput metrics highlight a lag behind anticipated goals for reduced latency but promising data rates. This study not only showcases the variances in network quality and performance, thus pinpointing areas for operator-specific enhancements, but also emphasizes the comparison between the robustness of 4G infrastructures and the challenges in optimizing 5G networks.