Exploring the relationship between sleep apnea and vestibular symptoms following traumatic brain injury
Karen M. Skop, Laura Bajor, Mitch Sevigny, Chad Swank, Sudha Tallavajhula, Risa Nakase‐Richardson, Shannon R. Miles- Neurology (clinical)
- Neurology
- Rehabilitation
- Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Abstract
Background
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex health problem in military veterans and service members (V/SM) that often involves comorbid vestibular impairment. Sleep apnea is another comorbidity that may exacerbate, and/or be exacerbated by, vestibular dysfunction.
Objective
To examine the relationship between sleep apnea and vestibular symptoms in V/SM diagnosed with TBI of any severity.
Design
Multicenter cohort study; cross‐sectional sample.
Setting
In‐patient TBI rehabilitation units within five Veterans Affairs (VA) Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centers.
Participants
V/SM with a diagnosis of TBI (N = 630) enrolled in the VA TBI Model Systems study.
Intervention
Not applicable.
Methods
A multivariable regression model was used to evaluate the association between sleep apnea and vestibular symptom severity while controlling for relevant covariates, for example, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Main Outcome Measures
Lifetime history of sleep apnea was determined via best source reporting. Vestibular disturbances were measured with the 3‐item Vestibular subscale of the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI).
Results
One third (30.6%) of the sample had a self‐reported sleep apnea diagnosis. Initial analysis showed that participants who had sleep apnea had more severe vestibular symptoms (M = 3.84, SD = 2.86) than those without sleep apnea (M = 2.88, SD = 2.67, p < .001). However, when the data was analyzed via a multiple regression model, sleep apnea no longer reached the threshold of significance as a factor associated with vestibular symptoms. PTSD severity was shown to be significantly associated with vestibular symptoms within this sample (p < .001).
Conclusion
Analysis of these data revealed a relationship between sleep apnea and vestibular symptoms in V/SM with TBI. The significance of this relationship was affected when PTSD symptoms were factored into a multivariable regression model. However, given that the mechanisms and directionality of these relationships are not yet well understood, we assert that in terms of clinical relevance, providers should emphasize screening for each of the three studied comorbidities (sleep apnea, vestibular symptoms, and PTSD).