Fire Reconstruction and Flame Retardant with Water Mist for Double-Roofed Ancient Buddhist Buildings

Fire is one of the most serious threatening conditions that endanger the safety of human life and building property. Religious buildings, where activities such as ritual incense burning and parishioner worship are conducted year-round, suffer from high fire risks and incomplete coverage of fire protection facilities, which have led to the frequent occurrence of fire accidents in ancient religious buildings around the globe. This study focuses on fire reconstruction and flame-retardant research for double-roofed ancient Buddhist buildings, addressing a gap in fire protection research for ancient religious buildings, particularly those with unique double-roofed structures. A systematic fire simulation method integrating building information modeling (BIM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is proposed. This approach not only accurately models the complex structures of ancient buildings but also simulates fire and smoke spread paths, providing a scientific basis for fire warnings and firefighting strategies. Firstly, the double-roofed ancient Buddhist building is modeled according to its size through building information modeling (BIM). Secondly, the building modeling is revised, and the fire hazard is modeled based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Thirdly, the smoke and temperature sensors for fire warning and sprinkler systems for flame retardant are set. Finally, the fire and smoke spread paths are simulated for determining the location for installing the warning sensor and providing valuable fire rescues strategy. Based on simulations, a fire warning system using smoke and temperature sensors, along with a sprinkler-based flame retardant system, is designed. This integrated design significantly enhances the fire prevention and control capabilities of ancient buildings, reducing the occurrence of fire accidents. By simulating fire and smoke spread paths, the optimal locations for sensor installation are determined, and valuable fire rescue strategies are provided. This simulation-based analytical method greatly improves the precision and effectiveness of fire prevention and control. Experiments validate the flame-retardant and fire warning capabilities of the proposed method, demonstrating its practical application value in protecting ancient buildings from fire. The method offers new insights and technical support for fire protection in religious ancient buildings.