Nature-Based Solutions in Spatial Planning: How to Adapt Land Use to Natural Heterogeneity in Agroforest Landscapes in Russia

We propose a land use planning protocol which integrates criteria for both the intrinsic properties of a unit and its significance in a broad spatial context. The purpose was to develop a methodology, represented as a questionnaire, that allows thorough consideration of the static and dynamic attributes of a landscape for making land use decisions. The methodology involves: (1) identification of landscape patterns, (2) revealing mechanisms of radial and lateral relationships, (3) considering changes of landscape patterns, (4) revealing functioning mechanisms that cause directed changes, and (5) socio-economic regulations. The protocol integrates knowledge of processes within biophysical units, catenas, catchments, and matrix elements. We proposed a plan for the taiga landscapes in northern European Russia. The highest ecological value was assigned to the units that control matter transportation over vast areas, and a lower value to the units that protect important habitats or intercept pollutants on their pathway towards rivers and floodplains. Outside the ecological network, we recommended reducing arable lands on eroded slopes (288 ha), increasing buffer zones at the footslopes (39 ha), and cultivating, instead, 331 ha of fallows with nutrient-rich soils.