Optimizing Cost and Emission Reduction in Photovoltaic–Battery‐Energy‐Storage‐System‐Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: An Efficient Hybrid Approach

In this article, an optimal photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage system with hybrid approach design for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) is proposed. The hybrid approach combines the use of polar transformer networks (PTNs) and the puzzle optimization algorithm (POA); hence it is called as POA–PTN approach. The main objective is to lessen the charging station cost and pollutant emissions. The proposed method is minimizing the pollutant emissions and the annual cost of PV with EVCS, which is done by POA method and predicts the optimal solution is done by PTN approach. The proposed method is executed in the MATLAB platform, and compared with existing methods, including heap‐based optimization, particle swarm optimization, and wild horse optimizer approaches. The proposed technique demonstrates superior performance, achieving the lowest net present cost of €1.45 × 10⁶ and emissions of 2.25 × 10⁸ g year⁻¹ with a shorter computing time of 13.04 s compared to the other methods.