DOI: 10.46298/cst.11807 ISSN:
Some legal problems arising in the maritime commerce between France and the African states
Pierre Bonassies This paper endeavours to identify some legal problems which recently have arisen in the maritime commerce between France and the African states.Such commerce, however on the whole satisfactory, has encountered a first problem, arising from the diversity of applicable legal régimes, and the difficulty of choosing the appropriate one among them. Since 1960 many African states have enacted their own maritime laws, without adhering to the 1924 Brussels international convention on the maritime carriage of goods, the so called Hague Rules. Also, States which have adhered to the 1924 Convention have not adhered to the 1968 Brussels Protocol modifying the Convention, and adhered to by France. Thus, it is almost impossible, without costly litigation, to ascertain the very legal status of a given contract of maritime carriage between France and an African state, such status varying according to the court before which the case is brought. And the choice of law has important consequences. In case of transportation of the heavy goods, the amount of compensation accorded to the consignee, if the goods are damaged, may vary from 1 to 100, or even more.The only means to eliminate any uncertainty will be, for the African states, to adhere to the Hamburg Rules of 1978, more especially as such rules are favourable to them.Another problem, arising in cases of transportation of large volume of goods spread out along a long period of time, is the problem of choice between a contract of affreightment and a contract of carriage. Very recently, many cases have arisen before French courts or arbitrators, concerning long term contracts for carriage of bananas or other tropical fruits, as such contracts did not make clear which kind of contract, carriage or affreightment, the parties intended to conclude. Here, however, the solution is an easy one: to make precise and beyond doubt the choice which has been made.A last problem more and more frequently arises, when goods have to be delivered to some compulsory port authority. For, it is very difficult to ascertain on behalf of whom, carrier or consignee, legally acts such authority. One can only note, here, that, more and more often, French courts hold the port authority as acting on behalf of the consignee.
L'objet de cette communication est d'Identifier certains problèmes juridiques récemment apparus dans les relations, maritimes franco-africaines.Ces relations, dans l'ensemble satisfaisantes, ont rencontré un premier problème, né de la diversité des régimes juridiques applicables, et de la difficulté de choisir entre eux. Depuis 1960, de nombreux Etats africains ont promulgué leurs propres lois maritimes, sans adhérer à la Convention de Bruxelles de 1924 sur le transport maritime (parfois dite Règles de La Haye). De surcroît, les Etats qui ont adhéré à la Convention, n'ont pas adhéré au Protocole de 1968 qui a modifié la Convention et que la France a ratifié. Ainsi, il est pratiquement impossible, sauf à s'engager dans des procédures coûteuses, de connaître le statut légal précis d'un transport maritime entre la France et un Etat africain, ce statut variant selon le tribunal saisi. Et le choix de la loi applicable est important. En cas de transport de colis lourd, l'indemnité accordée au destinataire, si la marchandise est endommagée, peut varier de 1 à 100, voire plus.Le seul moyen d'éliminer toute incertitude est que les Etats Africains adhèrent aux Règles de Hambourg de 1978, et ce d'autant plus que ces règles sont à leur avantage.Un autre problème, qui surgit dans les cas de transport de grandes quantités de marchandises s'étalant sur une longue période, est le problème du choix entre le régime contrat de transport et le régime affrètement au voyage. Très récemment, de nombreux litiges ont été portés devant des tribunaux ou arbitres français, s'agissant de contrats de longue durée de transport de bananes ou autres fruits tropicaux, ces contrats demeurant incertains sur le type de régime choisi, transport ou affrètement. Ici, cependant, la solution est aisée : il suffit que tes parties fassent un choix précis et éliminent tout doute.Un dernier problème apparaît de plus en plus fréquemment, lorsque les marchandises doivent être délivrées à une autorité portuaire monopolistique. Car il est très difficile de dire pour le compte de qui, transporteur ou destinataire, agit l'entreprise portuaire. On peut seulement noter ici que les tribunaux français considèrent, de plus en plus souvent, que l'entreprise portuaire agit pour le compte du destinataire.
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