Vertical Profiles of Aerosols Induced by Dust, Smoke, and Fireworks in the Cold Region of Northeast China

Despite the long-term implementation of air pollution control policies in northeast China, severe haze pollution continues to occur frequently. With the adoption of a megacity (Changchun) in northeast China, we analysed the vertical characteristics of aerosols and the causes of aerosol pollution throughout the year using multisource data for providing recommendations for controlling pollution events (i.e., straw burning and fireworks). Based on a ground-based LiDAR, it was found that the extinction coefficient (EC) of aerosols at a height of 300 m in Changchun was highest in winter (0.44 km−1), followed by summer (0.28 km−1), with significant differences from those in warmer regions, such as the Yangtze River Delta. Therefore, it is recommended that air pollution control policies be differentiated between winter and summer. On Chinese New Year’s Eve in Changchun, the ignition of firecrackers during the day and night caused increases in the EC at a height of 500 m to 0.37 and 0.88 km−1, respectively. It is suggested that the regulation of firecracker ignition should be reduced during the day and strengthened at night. Based on the CALIPSO and backward trajectory analysis results, two events of dust–biomass-burning composite pollution were observed in March and April. In March, the primary aerosol component was dust from western Changchun, whereas in April, the main aerosol component was biomass-burning aerosols originating from northern and eastern Changchun. Hence, reducing the intensity of spring biomass burning can mitigate the occurrence of dust–biomass-burning composite pollution. These findings can provide emission policy suggestions for areas facing similar issues regarding biomass-burning transmission pollution and firework emissions.